Economic Analysis Paper The Professional Sports Industry Essay

Economic Analysis Paper The Professional Sports Industry - Essay Example Growth of public significance of modern sports (mainly big-time sports) allows to consider the sports as a complecated process. Sports as a separate and self-developing phenomenon has not yet become an object of â€Å"classical† sports theory researching. Professionalism of sports at last quater of XX century has got the general character and now it is considered like a natural process. The events and people’s activity in professional sports attracts much attention of population of any country. Sports influences all spheres of life such as economics, poticy and culture. And touches many ethical problems of nowadays environment. It is considered that professional and big-time sports increases the state prestige, peace consolidation, and even popular sports. It is difficult to tell about the health problems which many sportsmen have. It is a fact that most of the sportsmen have serious deseases. Full-time trainings (especially for women and children), off-centred methods which include dopes and stimulators, various injuries, contests and fightings for the first place – all these things hurt morally and physically greatly. It is not a secret that very often a criminal cases take place in the professional sports industry. The sports economy has got important quantative and qualitative changes lately. The new technologies of market are in use now and the interaction looks in such a way – sports – fan, and sports – customer. The instruments and methods of management and marketing are actively used now. Along with the perfection and stirring up of the traditional instruments of influence on people (such as cost policy, advertising and quality) new trends got the impulse to development, the promotion of which became possible only with the help of Internet. A new virtual system of â€Å"new economics† began to develop. This system includes a complex of branches and groups of innovation economical activity. In structure of virtual economics of sports the

Oil price reaches record high of $100 barrel Essay

Oil price reaches record high of $100 barrel - Essay Example The discussion then shifts to US perspective where in the price of the oil is determined to a great extent by the Americans. Nearly 25% of the world oil supplies are consumed by USA. The article concludes by stating that the price of the crude oil may go up to $200 per barrel in the coming years. The demand in the output markets are determined by the households from the above diagram. A household's decision about what quantity of a particular product depends upon the following factors and all the factors are getting affected due to the price hike. Other products include substitutes (Solar power, Electric Battery, Wind power etc.) and complementary goods (Cars and Automobiles etc.). Due to this price rise, the prices of these substitutes and complementary goods will remain affected. Substitutes, a favourable condition exists and for complementary goods, the condition worsens. As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers. The producers/suppliers price the oil as per the law of supply in early 2000's where the oil market was a buyers market. The basis of pricing was cost of production of the least efficient marginal supplier. As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers in the perspective of price hike. ... 4. The Prices of other products available in the market Other products include substitutes (Solar power, Electric Battery, Wind power etc.) and complementary goods (Cars and Automobiles etc.). Due to this price rise, the prices of these substitutes and complementary goods will remain affected. Substitutes, a favourable condition exists and for complementary goods, the condition worsens. 5. The households' tastes and preferences will change. 6. The household's expectations about future income, wealth and prices also will change. Ultimately, the law of demand - "As price rises, quantity demanded decreases and vice versa" will play a crucial role in decision making by the household's. Graphical Analysis World Price 80 10 Quantity (Barrels) Oil Pricing before Price hike As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers. The producers/suppliers price the oil as per the law of supply in early 2000's where the oil market was a buyers market. The basis of pricing was cost of production of the least efficient marginal supplier. World Price 100 15 Quantity (Barrels) Oil Pricing after Price hike As per this graph, the pricing of oil is having an impact on producers and consumers in the perspective of price hike. The producers/suppliers price the oil on three major components where the oil market is now a sellers market. The basis of pricing is based on three components like Value of equivalent human energy, Sustainable energy creation costs, Affordability of the least

Bleep Test Essay Example for Free

Bleep Test Essay Power is strength and speed together. A good example of this is sprinting. Coordination is the ability to use your limbs effectively. This would be used in sports like tennis and cricket. Flexibility is the amount of movement at a certain area of your body. This can be seen when doing gymnastics. Agility is the ability to move and change direction on your feet, changing your body position. Squash is a good example of this. Balance is the ability to keep an upright position. This would be used a lot in ballet. Body Composition is the build up of your body e. g. the amount of muscle/fat/bone you have. Reaction Time is how quickly you respond to a stimulus. A good example of this would be sprinters waiting for the shot to start. Endurance is the ability to keep going for long periods, like a long distance runner doing the 1500m Speed is how quickly you can put your body into action and how quickly you can cover a distance. 100m sprinters need this component. Strength is the maximum weight you can lift or the muscular endurance you can endure. This can be seen in a body builder lifting their maximum weight. The components of fitness I am hoping to improve on are: Strength Muscular and Cardiovascular endurance Composition To improve on my strength I am going to use resistance training. This will involve lifting 10kg weights every night and increasing the amount of repetitions I do. To improve on my muscular and cardiovascular endurance I am going to use continuous training. This will mean doing long distance running and a sit up bleep test. I will slowly increase on the distance covered when running. The overall effect of this training should improve my body composition, adding to my muscle and reducing the amount of fat. Heart Rate During my P. E. P I will record my heart rate at several key points during the activity. Resting Heart Rate Working Heart Rate Recovery Rate Resting Heart Rate is the number of beats whilst resting e. g. whilst reading Working Heart Rate is the number of beats after you have performed an exercise e. g. after you have just played in a rugby match Recovery Rate is the time it takes for your heart to return to its resting heart rate. Target Zones 205 Anaerobic training zone (Insufficient o2) 200 170 Aerobic training zone (Sufficient o2) 130 Resting heart rate 70 I will take my resting heart rate before I do any kind of warm up or activity. I will then do the warm up and main activity and take my heart rate immediately after, every minute for five minutes before doing a warm down. I will be looking for an increase in my recovery rate and a possible decrease in my resting heart rate. Performing the Activity It is essential that, when I am performing my main activity that I execute a sufficient warm up and warm down. A Warm Up: When exercising you need to do a sufficient warm up to warm the muscles. A warm up should not be a strenuous task, it should be something that takes little effort but gets your muscles warm, a slow job is a good example of this. After you have warmed your muscles you should proceed to stretching them. When stretching it is vital that you dont force the stretch as this could lead to various injuries. A stretch should be held for roughly ten seconds before proceeding to the next. If a sufficient warm up is not properly done or not done at all then you risk serious injury. A Warm Down: A warm down should be down after any main activity. It is done to remove the lactic acid from your muscles. Again it should not be strenuous, a light jog (or even a slow walk) is sufficient for a warm down. You should also stretch your muscles (in the same fashion as mentioned above). Failure to do this could result in fatigue and soreness for a few days after. Main Activity: When doing a main activity you need to be aware of what your limits are. Pushing yourself too far can result in serious injury. Although testing your limits is advised breaking them is something that should always be avoided. Stretches Stretches need to be performed before and after any activity. This is done to avoid serious injury during the activity and to decrease fatigue after the activity. These are the basic stretches used. It is important to stretch each muscle properly without straining or forcing the stretch as this could cause serious injury. A stretch should be held for 10-15 seconds. The main ones I will be using are the Abdom Abductor Lower Back Calf Hamstring Chest as these will be the most used areas during my P. E. P. My Activity: For my activity I am going to firstly make sure I have done a sufficient warm up. This will consist of a steady jog of about 300m then stretching the main muscle groups, then a steady jog back to the starting point. After doing so I will have a short rest period then do a sit up multi level fitness test. This is where you do sit ups to a recorded bleep which speeds up as the levels increase. After doing this I will do a warm down. This will be a slow walk then doing the standard stretches and a slow walk back. When at home every night I will do 15 repetitions of my 10kg weights. For this I will first stretch my arms then proceed to doing the repetitions. Once completed I will stretch my arms again. This exercise should not be performed alone so I will always have someone with me when executing it. I will also be doing 100 sit ups. Both of these exercises will progress over time. Technique: When performing my main activities I need to make sure I am using the right technique. When doing the long distance running I need to pace myself and remain at that pace for the duration of the run otherwise I will tire quickly. For the sit ups I need to keep my arms crossed across my chest and have a downward pressure on my feet, doing this every time will allow fair results to come through. For the weightlifting I have a poster that tells me the correct ways to lift the weights, this will help me use the proper technique and reduce the risk of injury. None of these tasks should be performed if I sustain an injury as it will only make it worse and prolong its effects. Equipment: For my main activities I am going to need several pieces of equipment. For the long distance run I dont particularly need anything but for the sit ups I need a stereo with tape playing capabilities and a tape of the multi level fitness test. I also need a mat to lye on to support my back. For the weight lifting I need my 10kg weights and the poster which tells me the correct technique. Fitness Level Before starting the 6 week training program I tested my fitness levels through a bleep test and a circuit. This is how we test the components of fitness. Power: Standing long jump Coordination: Bouncing a tennis ball off a wall alternating the catching and throwing hands Agility: Slalom through cones Reaction Time: Dropping a ruler and seeing at what measurement it was caught Endurance: Bleep test Speed: Shuttle run Strength: Throwing a 3kg ball as far as possible from a sitting position using a chest pass. My results are as follows: Power: 180cm Coordination: 18 catches Agility: 8:20 seconds Reaction Time: 15cm Endurance: 7. 5 Speed: 5. 20 seconds Max Reps: 15 Highest Level On Sit Up Bleep Test: 5. 4 When I performed the bleep test I was suffering from a minor flu which has affected my score on the activity so this will undoubtedly improve on the second time around. As for the other results they should improve after my training period, mainly my targeted components. If they do not then my 6 week plan hasnt been sufficient enough and I will have to look back at the frequency, intensity etc of the activities done. My P. E. P For my 6 week training period I am going to be doing a sit up bleep test every G. C. S. E lesson as well as a 100 sit ups at home every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. Every night I will do 15 reps of 10kg weights. I will progressively build up the amount of sit ups and reps I do as well as trying to progress to higher levels on the sit up bleep test. On top of this I will be doing my usual schedule of rugby training. These training sessions are done on Monday, Tuesday and Sunday. If for any reason I feel I am not capable of performing an activity due to risk of injury then I will leave it for that session and see how I am feeling on the next session.

Problems Caused by Illegal Immigration in the US

Problems Caused by Illegal Immigration in the US Andrew Pasterczyk Immigration has been a crux on which the United States has been built, from the very origins of the nation to massive waves of Immigration in the late 19th and early 20th century. More recently however, The United States of America has experienced a spike in illegal immigration. Mainly stemming from Latin America, illegal immigrants have been pouring across the border in what has become a central political issue. The purpose of this paper is to asses this current, illegal immigration wave, identify the problems with the immigration, and offer solutions to the root problems of todays illegal immigration. For starters, it is important to define what exactly an illegal immigrant is. An illegal immigrant should be considered an individual or a group of individuals that either crosses the border of a foreign nation or resides in the foreign nation, in a manner that violates the immigration laws of the country they illegally pass into or reside in. Under this definition, even drug dealers who temporarily cross the border for even just a few hours are still classified as illegal immigrants. The intent of addressing the term illegal immigration in this manner is to help solve any future problems by closing potential future loopholes to get around being defined as an illegal immigrant. First and foremost, we need to identify the real purpose and desire behind illegal immigration to help better understand the causes to the problems it creates. On the side of the immigrants themselves, its not hard to see where the desire for illegal immigration stems from. In many cases, and particularly that of the United States, illegal immigrants travel to the country looking for a better lifestyle, more opportunity, or things as simple as work. These desires can often stem from poor living conditions in their mother country. In the case of the country subject to the illegal immigration however, the motives and desire for illegal immigration are much more hazy, especially in the case of the United States. While the government doesnt support illegal immigration, and it may be societally frowned upon, many people in the United States, particularly small business owners dont seem to have much of a problem with this illegal immigration. Illegal immigrants come undocumented to the united states, and as a result, are not subject to the benefits that a citizen or immigrant would normally receive. Small business owners dont have to pay medical benefits, or any sort of benefits for that matter, and can pay the illegal immigrants lower than minimum wage to do many jobs that American citizens wouldnt bring themselves to do. At the root of this problem is a combination of several factors, ranging from American arrogance to pandering politicians and parties vying to use immigration as a wedge to draw Latino and Hispanic votes. The main problem that needs to be addressed when attempting to solve the problems illegal immigration creates is the small business owners and congress. Any attempt to outri ght halt or slow immigration could seriously alienate small business owners, and a policy that is theoretically sound may never get through congress due to the severe partisan nature of the congress today. Bearing all that in mind, we need to ask ourselves what the problem with illegal immigration today actually is. One of the common ideas about illegal immigration today is that the illegal immigrants have a largely negative impact on the US economy. By draining welfare money, decreasing standard wages, and taking up American jobs, illegal immigrants supposedly are incredibly detrimental to the US economy. Despite this popular conception however, illegal immigration doesn’t have a detrimental effect on the economy of the United States. For starters, illegal immigrants actually improve the living standards and wages of American citizens. One of the popular misconceptions is that illegal immigrants actively compete with Americans for American jobs, but recent studies suggest that illegal immigrants actually work in cohesion with Americans, to the delight of small business. The increase in availability for cheap labor allows for business to expand, and makes immigrant intensive ser vices like cleaning cheaper, and recent data suggests that immigrants can boost the average American’s salary by .1 to .6 percent. The increase in salary isn’t actually that much. In fact, its barely nothing, but the wage increase is a far cry from the supposed wage decreases that American workers experience as a result of illegal immigration. One of the other common arguments to suggest a problem with current illegal immigration is that immigrants are a drain on the welfare state. There are a few misconceptions with this idea however. First of all, welfare in the nation, such as social security and Medicare are focused on the old, not the poor. Secondly, most illegal immigrants actually pay taxes, rent, and bills. In fact, almost 10% of the current Social Security fund today comes from illegal immigrants. To make it even more obvious, Arizona passed bill SB 1070 that made it illegal to be an undocumented worker, and as a result, the state economy lost almost $141 million due to economic revenue loss, and the bill had been severely hampered by the state supreme court, suggesting that had the original bill gone through, Arizona could’ve lost something in the ballpark of $48.8 billion. The overall point here is that on a large scale, there is no serious economic problem with illegal immigration. That being said, there are two major problems caused by illegal immigration that need to be solved. The first of these is the concentration of illegal immigrants in specific areas of the United States. While illegal immigrants may not be a drain on the federal government or the overall economy of the United States, they can prove harmful to local governments if in concentrated doses. Unfortunately, this is a truth in much of the US, as immigrant populations are heavily concentrated in cities just across the borders of the US. From a local perspective, illegal immigrants can be incredibly damaging, as they take advantage of things like free education without ever actually contributing money to help fund them. Additionally, in low income neighborhoods, a concentrated dose of illegal immigrants can put low skilled citizens out of work. When looking at it from a local perspective, illegal immigration can actually cause some economic problems. That being said, this is an incredibly convol uted problem, one that cannot be solved within the confines of this paper given the times and views today. If we wanted to stop the damage concentrated groups of illegal immigrants do to local governments in the US, the most logistical solution would be to legalize them, forcing them to help pay for the welfare that they use. This solution is flawed however, because it would alienate the low skilled workers of America and small business, and would never pass through congress. Another potential solution could be to just give the strained local governments more money, but this in itself is a poor solution. We would first have to determine what parts of the country would qualify to receive the aid, which would be incredibly hard seeing as it would require the federal government to find where illegal immigrants are specifically located. Something that the immigrants themselves wont be compliant in. Not only that, but throwing money at communities affected by illegal immigration wont sol ve anything, it will only delay the inevitable need for a solution. Lastly, it would be incredibly hard to ensure that the money was actually used where it was intended to be used. Overall, the problem of concentrated illegal immigration populations at local levels isnt unsolvable, but such a solution would have to tackle longstanding American prejudices and the workings of congress, which is something that we cannot do within the confines of this paper. The other problem with illegal immigration, and the one that this paper will dedicate itself to solving is the problem with security created by illegal immigration. In their analysis of whether or not illegal immigrants are beneficial to the economy, many people forget the underlying fact that these immigrants got to the United States by breaking the law. Not only that, but it occurs with a frightening regularity and is accepted as a reality in the United States. Many attempts to fix the supposed economic problem have actually made the security dilemma even worse, driving immigrants underground and fostering a culture of illegality. Thus there is a serious problem created by illegal immigration. While most illegal immigrants simply come here to find work or opportunity, they make the borders dangerously unstable, opening up pathways that can be followed by drug cartels and crime, and potentially terrorists. There are stats that only reinforce this opinion as well, suggesting that in a three year span from 2008 to 2011, the number of cities feeling a cartel presence increased from around 230 to almost 1700. This suggests that the massive security breach created by illegal immigration is having a very bad impact on the US, and needs to be solved. To be able to effectively solve this problem however, we first need to take a look at what is causing this problem with security at our borders. Small Business Demands/Desires As we can see in the synthesized chart above, there are really two root causes to the security problem caused by immigration. Terrible laws dictating US border policy, and the desires of small business America are at the root of the problem with illegal immigration in America. This becomes a tricky situation to solve, because both of these root problems oftentimes contradict one another. If priority is placed small businesses, then good laws will never really be drafted, because they may interfere with a steady supply of cheap labor that small businesses desire. On the other hand, if a solid immigration policy is set in place to secure the borders of America and restore security to the borders, you will most likely alienate small business, and end up driving up prices or creating a shortage in the low skilled work force as laborers are displaced from their jobs. The problem with these two roots to the problem is that an idealistic solution, although well thought out, may not appease everyone, and as a result get stuck in congress and never have an effect on anything. The obvious solution to securing the border, while allowing for local small businesses to enjoy the fruits of cheap labor is a guest worker system. Such a system would have to be carefully designed however, and pragmatic to make it through congress. Idealistically, this foreign worker system designed as a solution to close off the border would have to have several separate provisions. For starters, there would have to be incentives for both immigrants and companies to make the solution work. One of the trickiest parts of the solution is also probably one of the hardest to pull off. One of the main problems with the security of the border is that illegal immigrants are almost forced to come over illegally. This happens for a number of reasons. Firstly, its incredibly hard to get across the border the legal way, especially for poor Hispanic illegal immigrants who are simply looking for work. More often than not they will be denied, or have to wait incredibly long times just to hear whether or not they get to even get a temporary residence. Knowing this bleak reality, many illegal immigrants cross illegally knowing there isnt another option. The second problem with the legal option that makes being an illegal immigrant more appeali ng is that even if one were to get a temporary work permit, the permits have incredibly rigid expiration dates. This poses a problem in itself, seeing as the work visas are less desirable than illegal entry, seeing as one would only be able to stay in the country for a set amount of time before leaving again. Because of all this, one of the provisions of the plan to secure borders would have to be smaller, more easily renewed work permits. A renewable short term permit would be far more appealing to those who want to come to the country for work or opportunity. In order to get such a short term permit renewed, it should be pretty important that the migrant worker have some sort of business or company sponsorship, to signify that they actually did work while in the United States. This provision to ensure that immigrants who come to the United States actually find work to participate in, rather than just sit around and take advantage of welfare offered by local governments and the fed eral government. On the other side of the coin, US companies and other small businesses would also need incentives to hire these workers. One of the main reason that illegal immigrants are desired as low skilled laborers is because of the fact that, as immigrants, they are not necessarily subject to the same regulations as US citizens. Unlike a citizen, illegal immigrants arent protected under minimum wage laws or health care benefits. It is this quality that makes them desirable for small businesses to hire, and for communities to turn a blind eye to. That being said, if immigrants are being allowed into the nation to work as low costing laborers, there need to be a number of restrictions placed upon them so that the solution has an actual realistic chance of passing through congress. Of these restrictions, there should be a few that even out the playing field when it comes to hiring workers. Regulations or business practices that make it near impossible to hire migrant workers, and laws and practic es that make it easier and more beneficial to hire migrant workers should also be scrapped and made illegal. The idea here is to allow migrant workers to enter the country and find work, while trying to level the playing field for those that complain about migrant workers coming in a stealing jobs from them. Finally, both workers and employers who choose not to comply with the new law should be punished. If there is no consequence for not obeying the regulations, nobody will follow them anyway. There needs to be some sort of punishment for not complying with the new law and regulation. If a migrant worker violates their agreement, they should be deported and not be allowed to re-apply for access into the company. How a migrant worker could theoretically violate their agreement is pretty simple. Any migrant worker staying past the expiration of their permit without getting the permit removed is considered within the boundaries of breaking their contract. Another possibility is if the worker has brought anyone with him not protected by the working permit, like family members or relatives. Should the worker fail to comply with the permits instructions word for word, they will be deported, without an option for renewal.

Country Lovers vs. The Gold Cadillac Essays -- English Literature

Country Lovers vs. The Gold Cadillac ==================================== Both of the two stories, Country Lovers and The Gold Cadillac reveal racism. It is not a particularly hidden message. But the two of them approach it from slightly different angles. Country Lovers shows that the story is based around racism in the first paragraph: [the black children are] "beginning to call their old playmates missus and baasie - little master". Within the Gold Cadillac, the racism is a little better concealed. We don't know that the main family are black for sure, until line 166, after Wilbert (the father) has said he is going to go down to Mississippi and Mr. Pondexter say "Not much those folks hate more'n to see a northern Negro coming down there in a fine car". We are however given little hints, such as 'Lois' speech and the very large, spread out family. It is when we find out that the family in The Gold Cadillac is black that we find that the story is about racism. We find out the reason for Wilbert having bought the Cadillac, and it was because he "liked it" and "it ...

Eating Disorders :: essays research papers

Addiction is having a devotion to something to a point where it becomes a habit and even obsessive. Anorexia and bulimia are forms of addiction (www.addictionscience.net). Eating disorders are patterns of persistent eating or dieting behavior. They can be caused by significant emotional, physical, and relational distress (www.addictionscience.net). Some eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge eating. Anorexia is the relentless pursuit of thinness. Bulimia is the uncontrollable urge to eat large amounts of food in a short amount of time (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). The media plays a big part in this it creates an artificial image that people are supposed to look picture perfect, such as supermodels and athletes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People with anorexia are unable to maintain there average body weight and height for their age (www.aedweb.org). Most are afraid of gaining weight and usually see themselves as being fat, even thought they might be underweight (www.aedweb.org). People with anorexia often deal with depression and withdrawal. They begin strange behavior such as dividing there food into a â€Å"good/safe† category, and a â€Å"bad/dangerous† category (www.calpsy.net/org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individuals with Bulimia usually overeat during meals. After eating, they usually feel guilty and punish themselves by forcing themselves to vomit, or by using laxatives, enemas, or by over exercising (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). They also deal with depression and loneliness often. People with Bulimia have difficulty talking about their inner feelings. They also have anxiety depression, and anger (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). They also might have problems with impulse control, shoplifting, and may be very sexually adventurous. They may also take in the habit to abuse drugs and alcohol depending on severity (www.anred.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People who binge eats are usually overweight. They diet to make themselves hungry and then binge eat to make up for the hunger. However, also eat for emotional reasons because they feel it substitutes for their depression (www.addictionscience.net).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the warning signs of eating disorders are with food behavior (Exploring Science 6th Edition Myers, David G). They will usually skip meals or only eat a small portion. They will not eat in front of other people and they mix strange food combinations, they will also have an excuse to never eat. Suddenly they will stop eating their favorite foods and only eat a few â€Å"safe† foods. Often find themselves wearing baggy clothes to cover up their â€Å"non-perfect† appearance (www.

Meiosis Modeling Activity Essay

Background Information Meiosis is the process by which eukaryotic organisms produce egg and sperm having half the genetic information (haploid) of the other cells in the organism’s body (diploid). You will notice some similarities to mitosis but some definite differences in meiosis that result in genetic diversity in the gametes as well as the offspring formed by the eventual fusion of the egg and sperm. Two of the most noted differences in meiosis are that 1) there are two complete divisions resulting in four daughter cells and, 2) meiosis has crossing over, an even that occurs in Prophase I that increases genetic variation in the gametes. Crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes. These are the pairs of chromosomes in an organisms body that carry genes for the same trait located at identical positions on the two chromosomes. Even though they carry the same gene they may, however, possess different alleles for the gene which result in different forms of the trait. Pre-Lab: 1. Draw a tetrad in the space below and label the following: centromeres, sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes. 2. What are the two elements of meiosis that add variation to our population? (Hint: one occurs in prophase I and the other in metaphase I). 3. Which of the chromosomes #2-5 could be homologous with chromosome #1? Explain your answer. I think number 5 because it is the exact same as 1. Lab: 1. First view the recording on my message board under â€Å"Supplemental Learning Materials† for this lab. You will need the â€Å"code words† from the recording for one of your conclusion questions. Link to recording: http://www.connectionslivelesson.com/p2fwrdno8yk/ 2. After you have viewed the recording, gather your required materials. You will need 4 forks, 4 knives, 4 spoons, 6 rubber bands, and some twine or string to use as cell membrane. If you can have two different types of flatware that would be best (for example: 2 forks, 2 knives, and 2 spoons that are different than the other set of 2 forks, 2 knives, and 2 spoons). 3. Your model cell consists of 6 chromosomes (3 homologous pairs). Use the string to form the cell membrane for your cell(s). Begin with two forks, two knives, and two spoons (one of each from each set) inside your string cell membrane as shown in the recording. Proceed through each of the steps of meiosis using your flatware â€Å"chromosomes.† Use the textbook pages 324-325 for help. Phase Modeling Interphase Replicate the DNA of your chromosomes by adding a second fork, knife, or spoon to each existing fork, knife, and spoon. Hold each pair of â€Å"chromatids† together with a rubber band (centromere). Prophase I Create tetrads (XX) by pairing homologous chromosomes (set them next to each other). Model crossing over as best you can given the model we are using. Metaphase I Line up your tetrads along the metaphase plate. Model independent assortment. Anaphase I Move the homologous chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase I You should have three chromosomes, knife, fork, and spoon, (each composed of two chromatids) in each of your two nuclei. Cytokinesis I Divide your cell membrane so that you have two daughter cells (two string circles for cells). Prophase II Check to make sure that each of your two cells contains three chromosomes made up of sister chromatids. Metaphase II Line your chromosomes up along the middle of each of your cells. Anaphase II Separate your sister chromatids (remove rubber band holding them together). Move one sister chromatid from each chromosome to opposite sides of your cell. Telophase II You should now have four nuclei, with three single chromosomes in each of the  cells. Cytokinesis II Divide your cell membranes so that you have four daughter cells (use more string). Data: Take 3 photos or create 3 drawings of your model as it looked in 3 different stages of meiosis as described in the table above. Indicate which stage of meiosis is shown in each photo/drawing. Include the photos or a scan of the sketches when you upload your lab to the drop box. Conclusion (6 points) 1. List the two code words that were given in the lab recording found on my message board. Chromosomes and fertilization 2. Does mitosis more closely resemble meiosis I or meiosis II? Explain your answer. More like Meiosis I because it only made two cells. 3. What is crossing over? When does it occur during meiosis? Why did you have difficulty modeling this element of meiosis using your â€Å"chromosomes?† Crossing over is the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. It occurs during prophase I. I had a hard time because you can’t really change the chromosomes so it was difficult to show. 4. Think about your modeling. Visually, what is the major difference between the separation of chromosomes between anaphase I and anaphase II There were four to separate then just two. 5. What is independent assortment? When does it occur during meiosis? How did you model this element of meiosis? 6. Which part of meiosis, meiosis I or meiosis II, is responsible for reducing the chromosome number by half in the cell? MEIOSIS II