High School and Personality Traits Essay

Directions: Read the following questions and write the answers on a separate sheet of paper. Include the question as part of your response. Use COMPLETE sentences—do not use fragments or incomplete thoughts. Use DETAIL in your responses. â€Å"None, nothing, I don’t know, etc.† are inadequate responses. Your goal is to give me as much information about yourself as possible! 1. Who was your English teacher last year? Describe both your successes and difficulties in the class. 2. What is your full name? Are you named after someone in your family? 3. When and where were you born? How old are you now? 4. Describe three members of your immediate family—be specific by detailing names, ages, physical characteristics, and personality traits. 5. In what places have you lived? 6. Who is your best friend and why is that the case? Describe him/her—be specific by detailing names, ages, physical characteristics, personality traits. 7. Describe any pets you have/have had/desire to have. If you could be any animal, what would you be and why? 8. Describe what you like to do in your spare time, and on weekends. 9. What is your favorite TV program(s)? Why? What kind of music do you like? 10. Where have you traveled or would like to travel? Describe what draws you to that particular place and why. 11. Describe your particular talents. What do you do well? 12. Do you want to go to college? Which one? What career do you hope to pursue when you are an adult? Why? What are you doing now to prepare yourself for these goals? 13. What do you like best about school? What do you like least about school? 14. What extracurricular activities are you involved in at school or outside of school? 15. Describe any other interesting aspect(s) of yourself. CLASS COPY!DO NOT WRITE ON THIS! Detailed Biography Directions: Read the following questions and write the answers on a separate sheet of paper. Include the question as part of your response. Use COMPLETE sentences—do not use fragments or incomplete thoughts. Use DETAIL in your responses. â€Å"None, nothing, I don’t know, etc.† are inadequate responses. Your goal is to give me as much information about yourself as possible! 1. Who was your English teacher last year? Describe both your successes and difficulties in the class. 2. What is your full name? Are you named after someone in your family? 3. When and where were you born? How old are you now? 4. Describe three members of your immediate family—be specific by detailing names, ages, physical characteristics, and personality traits. 5. In what places have you lived? 6. Who is your best friend and why is that the case? Describe him/her—be specific by detailing names, ages, physical characteristics, personality traits. 7. Describe any pets you have/have had/desire to have. If you could be any animal, what would you be and why? 8. Describe what you like to do in your spare time, and on weekends. 9. What is your favorite TV program(s)? Why? What kind of music do you like? 10. Where have you traveled or would like to travel? Describe what draws you to that particular place and why. 11. Describe your particular talents. What do you do well? 12. Do you want to go to college? Which one? What career do you hope to pursue when you are an adult? Why? What are you doing now to prepare yourself for these goals? 13. What do you like best about school? What do you like least about school? 14. What extracurricular activities are you involved in at school or outside of school? 15. Describe any other interesting aspect(s) of yourself.

How Does the Benedictine Value of Community Relate?

Eitzen How does the Benedictine value of Community relate to individual isolation? And/or how does the Benedictine value of Respect for Persons relate to poverty and inequality? According to the Benedictine Rule 4-Respect for Persons you are to â€Å"Honor everyone and never do to another you do not want done to yourself. † Recognizing the image of God in each person and honoring each one in their giftedness and limitations.If, in fact, we are practicing excessive individualism then this is directly related to poverty and inequality today. Poverty in the United States â€Å"officially† refers to people who fall below the â€Å"official poverty line. †Ã‚   In general, however, poverty is a complex subject that depends not only on official definitions but on the perspectives of people as well. For example, if we were to look at the actual numbers of poor people, we may find that whites have a lower proportion of people in poverty than other racial groups.But if we looked at poverty solely by age we would find that children under the age of 18 are the most likely to be poor and that many of the elderly live only slightly above the poverty line. By practicing excessive individualism we are promoting inequality. We are keeping one group of people at a particular level by having those who have the most power and money make the rules for those in a less favorable position. Individualism also keeps us from feeling obligated to others and when we feel no obligation we are less likely to help someone in need.In addition when we feel no obligation we also feel no sense of community and this will eventually lead to isolation. We need to realize that we cannot survive on our own, we need others in order to survive and thrive. If we were to follow the Benedicitine rule of Respect for Persons there would be no poverty because you would not want to be in poverty yourself and there would be no inequality, as you would not want to be unequal.

Analysis of The Scarlet Letter Ch

Nathaniel Hawthorne expresses Hester Prune's self-perception by using the concept of physiognomy, the notion that the outer appearance of a person reflects his or her Inner qualities. One of the common methods through which people display their beliefs and emotions is the manner In which they present themselves to society. Hester displays her beliefs about her own character through her choice of clothing. Hawthorne also uses clothing In order to depict Hester Implementation of self enmeshment, which is a result of her negative self-perception.She alms to express that her appearance has become so unattractive as a result of her sin. In other words, her the unbecoming state of her heart which has become Impure Is reflected In her clothing made of â€Å"the coarsest materials† with colors of â€Å"the most somber hue. † The most eye-catching article of her outfit, the scarlet letter, also greatly contributes to the physical display of her sin. Purposely reminding the peopl e and herself about that which she is guilty of is how Hester punishes herself mutinously.Her self punishment involved not only wearing â€Å"plain† clothing, but also practicing asceticism in order to prevent her from experiencing any form of enjoyment. When Hester â€Å"devoted[sees] so many hours† to sewing â€Å"coarse garments† she is limiting herself from reaching her true potential of artistic talent. The coarse garments are symbolic of the bland dull distractions she turns to in order to restrict herself from working on that which she is truly passionate about, in other words, to refrain from creating beautiful and arabesque articles of clothing.Initially one would find Hester adornment of Pearl ironic in regards to her decision to live simply without any form of enjoyment. However, after closer inspection, it can be inferred from the diction within the text that this might be another form of self punishment. Hester makes beautiful clothing for her daugh ter Pearl to wear, however this is not for the sake of her passion to create elaborately designed needle-work. The fact that Hawthorne chose to introduce Pearl's attire in this specific paragraph nits that there is a relation between Hester self punishment and the reason behind why she adorns her daughter.The implied â€Å"deeper meaning† refers to the same reason why Hester wears plain clothing. Pearl's beautiful clothing makes her stand out when seen in the community, and the color and fancy design of the cloth reminds both Hester and the people of the scarlet letter. Thus, Hester uses Pearl's attire as a way to punish herself; the clothing will never allow her nor society to forget what she did. Even today, clothing Is one of the mall WAP through which people express themselves.It Is also a way through which they reward themselves. The opposite of this case Is seen in chapter 5 of The Scarlet Letter; Hawthorne uses clothing to depict how Hester displays negative self-perce ption. She believes that she must atone for elaborate embroidery. She also uses clothing as a form of self punishment when she dresses her daughter, as it will serve as a constant reminder of her scarlet letter and of the fact that she is forever labeled as an adulteress.

McCarthy Witchhunts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

McCarthy Witchhunts - Essay Example He established a committee that acted as task force and court for all those suspected or accused of communism; people from all walks of life would, ultimately, find themselves in the â€Å"hot seat.† History Joseph McCarthy was born in 1908 in Wisconsin. He was raised in â€Å"proper† Catholic family, was a good student, and earned his degree from Marquette University in 1928. He was involved in an unsuccessful law practice and became an avid gambler on the side, before he finally decided on a career in politics. He joined the Democratic Party, but after being overlooked for the Democratic candidate for district attorney he switched political sides. Becoming a republican he began, what many historians describe as an example of the most unqualified and corrupt of politicians of all time. This perspective is personified by the â€Å"dirty† campaign he ran to earn an appointment as a circuit court judge. After a short time in the military he won the Senate seat for Wisconsin; his term was overall not impressive. It was at this time the United States was feeling the looming threat of â€Å"communist† sentiments, McCarthy â€Å"banked† on those fears and began a crusade to eliminate this threat and guarantee himself reelection (Oh, and Latham 1). Discussion McCarthy established the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), which was tasked with investigating anyone who was suspected of or associated with people involved in communism or were thought to be sympathetic to the communist party. These committee courts forced the accused to answer questions about their political ideologies and behaviors. They offered deals to those that would give the names of others who are, likely, to be communists. When one refused to give names of others they were â€Å"Blacklisted,† which prevented hundreds of those questioned to be able to find work in their respective fields, from politics to Hollywood. Arthur Miller, famous American writer, found himself in McCarthy’s court. He would certainly not confess to Communist ideologies and refused to help them in accusing others. In turn, Miller was Blacklisted (History Channel 1). It is the events, during the McCarthy era, that led Miller to write â€Å"The Crucible,† which details a version of the Salem witch trials in the 1600s.He framed the way the young girls freely accused citizens of Salem, Massachusetts of witchcraft within the current events of McCarthy’s witch hunt. The accused were guilty until proven innocent, and their innocence was impossible to prove because of the structure of the courts. Accused witches were given the opportunity to repent and avoid execution. However, for many of these innocent and highly devout people they could not morally confess to something they did not do, even to save their own lives. This would be a lie and lying is a sin against God. They would rather die free of sin than to live having lied. This was r eflective of McCarthy and his HUAC. In 1938, as television first became common in people’s households, Edward R. Murrow, well-respected and renowned new correspondents, began a show called â€Å"See It Now.† The majority of his stories concerned issues of the average American citizens (American Masters 1). It was a huge success for more than a decade. In March of 1954, Murrow brought McCarthy on his show as a guest. He allowed McCarthy to do most of the talking; in black and white it became very clear that McCarthy had

Nutrition for Health and Social Care (DISCUSSION) Assignment - 1

Nutrition for Health and Social Care (DISCUSSION) - Assignment Example The sugars that compose carbohydrates are called monosaccharide, and can combine to form very complex carbohydrates. The structure of a simple monosaccharaides is shown below. Digestion of carbohydrates initiates right from the mouth. The food is mixed with salivary amylase which breaks down the polysaccharides in the food. The saliva also assists in moistening of the food to allow it go down the stomach easily. From here the food is moved down to the stomach and is referred to as a chime. Here the stomach produces acids that kills bacteria in the food and stops the action of salivary amylase. In the pancreas and the small intestine, in the duodenum the pancreatic juice/amylase is added to the chime so as to break the polysaccharide to a disaccharide. In the small intestine, lactose, sucrose and maltose are produced to further break the food into a monosaccharide. These can therefore be absorbed into the lower parts of the small intestine by the villi into the blood system. In the colon, other carbohydrates that were not digested are partly digested by intestinal bacteria n\and the rest excreted as feces (DUGGAN, WATKINS & WALKER, 2008). Carbohydrates are essential since they provide energy for the body. They are therefore essential for the functioning of the central nervous system, circulatory system and other essential systems of the body. Fats and lipids are a wide group of compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and others in the water. Although there is no definite structure of fats, most of them belong to the triglyceride class, which assumes a three fatty acid glycerol backbone bond. The image of their structure is as shown below. The major issue to be considered in the digestion of fats is solubility. The digestion of fats is aided through emulsification. Their digestion begins in the stomach where hydrochloric acids, mucus and gastric enzymes are combined to form gastric juice.

Marketing in Microsoft Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing in Microsoft Company - Research Paper Example Marketing in Microsoft Company The company started as from 1975 and located in United States of America. The fact that technology has grown to a very high level, the company plays a great role of developing new versions of soft wares now and then (Scott, Lee, and Weiss, 2008). As a matter of fact, computers are used all over the world. They are used in companies, institutions and in many other fields. In industries such as business related, the company makes most of the products. Microsoft has provided a very good zone for those who wish to market their viral products. The company has been able to make it more profitable due to the marketing strategies it utilizes. Principle of marketing that Microsoft company uses Product As the main principle, a company’s product must provide the required value to expected clients. The softwares that are produced by the company are friendly to use. However, the soft wares are readily available to the customers. The products are unique and helpful to the users. However, the best thing about the products is that they are essential in any computer. This makes them a basic need for any computer user. However, they work well with most operating systems. The programs are made in such a way that they contain a lot of security. The company does this through ensuring that the security of their softwares is very high and very hard to be destroyed. The company targets at meeting the needs of all those computer users in different fields such as schools, hospitals, industries, companies. With the use of the soft wares, all the business enterprises are in a position to easier their workload and reduce costs. However, the company meets the main target of making profit. The quality of the product is ensured to be very high and the best. This makes the company’s products more preferred as compared to other companies. In terms of quality, statistics have ranked Microsoft Company as leading in several rankings (Scott, Lee, and Weiss, 2008). Pricing Measuring with the industries prices, a company must set competitive prices that will ultimately generate profits. In this reference, Microsoft Company’s pricing of its products is very standard in that depending on the quality and the target market. The prices are relatively low and affordable to those who earn very little. This makes the company have more customers since it m inds the welfare of all the customers. However, the quality of the product is what makes the company attract more customers (Scott, Lee, and Weiss, 2008). Placement The location of buying the products and manner of delivery matters in the marketing process. The company uses search engines to deliver its product to the customers worldwide. Search engines such as Google are widely used by the company for online marketing of its products. This mode of distribution ensures that any person who can access internet can get the product very easily without incurring any cost of traveling to the place where the company is located. This mode of delivery is the best since it ensures that the products are well distributed and readily available to the willing and potential buyers. The company uses the strategy of networking in order to reach more customers (Scott, Lee, and Weiss, 2008). Promotion Companies should ensure that potential customers are aware of the existence of their products especia lly innovations. Genuineness in promoting its products makes it friendly to the customers. It targets at ensuring that the communication between the company and the customers is

The Key Features of Islamic Banking Business in Dubai Research Paper

The Key Features of Islamic Banking Business in Dubai - Research Paper Example Among the two distinct trends of revivalism, modernism emphasized on the religious aspects substantiated by the Shari’a and debated the premise that interest can amount to Riba only if it is perceived as unfair, while neo-revivalism staunchly upheld its notion that interest in any form tantamount to Riba and hence should be abolished. During 1970s neo-revivalists, augmented by â€Å"the oil-wealth of the conservative Gulf countries† (Saeed, 1996, P. 15), were successful in establishing their interpretation that interest is equivalent to Riba. Consequently, Islamic banks were established across the globe with the primary aim of abolishing interest from the banking as well as financial systems. The Dubai chapter of Islamic banking has vital significance to the Islamic financial system. Though neo-revivalism had given rise to semi-Islamic banks in Egypt and Malaysia back in the 1960s, Dubai came up with the first Islamic bank per se in the form of the Dubai Islamic Bank (DIB), whose operations started simultaneously with that of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) in 1975 (Shoult, 2006, P. 213). The banking sector as observed in Dubai is a prominent subset of that of the UAE and reflects most of the trends shown by the latter. UAE’s banking sector has benefitted immensely from the stupendous economic development and the factors that have contributed to its prosperity are low rates of interest coupled with high price bands of its most precious natural resource – oil. An important feature of UAE’s banking sector is that the government holds huge stakes in it which signifies its enhanced control over the oil based macroeconomy of the Gulf nations (Global Investment House, 2007, P. 7).

Fashion - Mexican Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion - Mexican Culture - Essay Example The essay "Fashion - Mexican Culture" concerns the Mexican culture and fashion. The modern Mexican clothing differs in various ways from the traditional modes of clothing. The difference signifies transformations that have taken place in the Mexican culture. The traditional Mexican clothing was as a result of past generation’s inheritance. In simple terms, the style’s pieces used by indigenous Mexican people evolved with Spanish colonization. It possessed strong and vivid colors and used natural fibers such as wool, agave and cotton. The women’s typical clothing included a skirt, a rezobo, a huipil and a quenchquemitl. The traditional men’s clothing incorporated shirts and trousers. They had unique garments in a couple of things and also possessed numerous interesting details. The modern Mexican clothing, on the other hand, resembles most of the western types of clothes. However, the Mexican clothes may have more colorful character that adds on them a nati ve feeling. Other clothing may possess styles and designs with Mexican graphics and symbols. The aspect makes the Mexican clothing unique from many other cultures across the globe. In various ways, many Mexican individuals nowadays are more formal and conservative in the clothes they wear as opposed to their counterparts in the United States or Canada. Currently in Mexico, there has erupted a trend for the general Mexican public to make use of modern garments with great influence from the traditional clothing. The women have a tendency of wearing rezobos.

A Critique on Project Stage-Gating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Critique on Project Stage-Gating - Essay Example The article strongly suggested that project stage-gating which continuously evaluates the viability, usefulness, and gains from a project through different development and implementation stages is required to efficiently "stop a project which should not continue." Vanderslius also put forward useful guidelines which should not be overlooked in a stage-gating project such as clear definitions of phases, documented set of deliverables, gates staffed with an odd numbered committee rather than an individual, and "setting 'out of bounds.'" My choice of this article is simple enough. The project stage-gating article must be read because I believe that the article is very useful in the decision-making process handled by every project manager. Project stage-gating is interesting as it tackles some issues which are often taken for granted when starting an innovative project. Over the past years, a large number of IT projects initialized had failed. Somebody can just imagine the total amount of time, labor, materials, and expenditures wasted for all these projects. I believe that Vanderslius' main point in endorsing stage-gating is to save on resources which can be channeled to other more profitable ventures. I agree with him that project stage-gating can be an option in order to allocate company resources more efficiently. The "gates" needed to be passed by any project serves as a screening procedure that eliminates less viable and unprofitable projects.

Monetary policy in china Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Monetary policy in china - Coursework Example The money market of China is considered as an indicator for funding to the financial institutions and to the smaller banks existing in the economy. The financial system plays an important role in the growth and expansion of China. The economy of china is being considered as the second largest economy of the world. The financial system of China is mainly dominated by the banking sector. The banking sector contributes more than three fifth of its credit to the private sector. The main source of the economic growth of China is from the banking sector. The financial system of China has also undergone modifications with the end of monopoly in the banking sector of the country. The banking system of China mainly constitutes two third of the financial asset of the financial system. The financial intermediaries’ plays a crucial role in the financial system of the country. The four state owned banks of China mainly dominate the market. The household savings are conducted by the financial intermediaries under the pressure of the government of China. The monetary policy of China is very complex. In order to facilitate the growth an d development in the economy, the Central bank of china has invested cash in the financial system. The interest rates this country are almost zero therefore the central bank of the country has to switch to lower funding cost. The article reflects on the economic growth of China. China is experiencing a slowdown in the economic growth and development in the recent years. The growth has decreased to more than 7% in the first quarter. China has been experiencing a slowdown in its economy since 2009. But it has gained momentum in the recent years. This situation has created more pressure on the Central bank of the country to ease its fiscal and monetary policy. The cut in the interest rate has affected the liquidity position of the economy which has

Outline the bank multiplier approach to explaining the process of Essay

Outline the bank multiplier approach to explaining the process of money creation and discuss its limitations - Essay Example This has led to call for the replacement of federal reserve system by a computer based system that would fix rates via calculations using standard economic metrics. Say in his law seems to make a suggestion to the fact that money is neutral and does not in any way lead to recession. He felt it was an irrational action to hoard money if one had it. In his view the only reason to have money is to spend it on one’s needs, in buying products. An increased spending is brought about by the increase in money supply going by the opinion that money is meant for spending. Say economist do not believe that businesses suffer as a result of lack of money for which reason other economist may advocate the printing of more money. Say and his followers rather believe that to increase ones purchasing power all that is needed is for there to be an increase in production processes. This would cause demand for the product an exchange for these goods automatically puts money into the pockets of the producer thereby increasing his purchasing power. The printing of more money would invariably lead to indiscriminate consumption which is believed by say economist as a wealth

Roman Empire Culture Essay Example for Free

Roman Empire Culture Essay Wikipedias entry on the Fall of the Roman Empire is a comprehensive and multifaceted survey of the scholarship which seeks to indicate a certain period or event or series of events which caused the fall of the Roman Empire. One of the main differences between the Wikipedia entry and a traditional encyclopedia entry is the extensive analysis with which the Wikipedia entry is able to devote to sub-sections and sub-theories under the general banner of discussion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The question of assigning a specific date for the fall occupies a great deal of the Wikipedia article. The traditional date acknowledged is September 4, 476 when Romulus Augustus, Emperor of the Western Empire, was deposed by Odoacer. But the Eastern Empire continued until the fall of Constantinople nearly a century later in 1453. Other dates in contention are 395, the year of the death of Theodosius, the last time the Empire was united; the crossing of the Rhine by Germanic tribes in 406 after the withdrawal of the legions to battle Alaric I; or the disintegration of the western legions following the death of Stilicho in 408. Many scholars disdain the term â€Å"fall†, preferring to describe what was happening as a â€Å"complex transformation†.   The Wikipedia entry while seeming to dwell inordinately on a specific time or date of the fall is in actuality providing the researcher with a varied primer on the myriad theories which attend the question of historical dates of the Roman Empires fall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the tone of the Wikipedia entry is scholarly, the lengthy digressions and somewhat scattered patterns of information make the entry less streamlined than a typical encyclopedia entry. In addition, the numerous off-site links and cross-references can prove to be distractive. And although the Wikipedia entry itself closely resembles scholarly writing there can be no assurance regarding the veracity of off-site links.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most obvious bias that is apparent in the Wikipedia entry is resounding insistence that there is a date of collapse for the Roman Empire. The entry cites Edward Gibbon who argues the Roman population lost its way by allowing the Germanic tribes and other barbarian mercenaries a greater role in defending its interests. Gibbon claims Christianity was a contributing factor as well, turning the populations attention to other-worldly as opposed to here-and-now events.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rather than examine contradictory theories in detail, the Wikipedia entry consumjes most of its energy revealing the survey of theories which argue for a date of collapse for the Roma Empire.   Wikipedia surveys the   â€Å"Pirenne Thesis†, wherein Henri Pirenne argued the Empire continued until the Muslim conquests in the 7th century, which disrupted Mediterranean trade routes and depressed the European economy. Pirenne sees the crowning of the Frankish King Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 as a continuation of the Empire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But it is J. B. Bury’s contention in his â€Å"History of the Later Roman Empire†which receives critical attention in the Wikipedia article. His theory is that what amounted to a â€Å"perfect storm† of events combined to spell the downfall of the Empire:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *Economic decline   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *Germanic expansion in the population and military   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *De-population of Italy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The treason of Stilicho   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The murder of Aetius and the lack of a leader to replace him   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bury says the Empire could have survived any of these events separately, but could not overcome the convergence of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Carroll Bark’s â€Å"Origins of the Medieval World† reasons that basic economics was the Empire’s undoing. As a pre-cursor to feudalism, the tenant farmer’s obligation was to pay a fixed assessment of taxes on his grain supply. The oppressive taxes kept the farmers impoverished and unlikely to move into the more prosperous middle class. In fact, what middle class there was was forced to become collectors of the taxes for the inefficient central government. Government coffers suffered as a result. Also, the scarcity of gold late in the Empire made matters worse. Inflation of the currency in relation to its value in gold resulted in more people demanding payment in gold. The government’s cash-flow problems required them to seek cheaper mercenaries as defenders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Radovan Richta says technology contributed to the Empire’s demise. The Germanic invention of the horseshoe and use of the new Chinese compass allowed mercenaries quicker access to Roman defenses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arnold Toynbee and James Burke also examine economic causes at the root of the Empire’s fall. The Romans had no budgetary system and wasted available resources as a result. The economy was basically based on plunder rather than production of new goods, and that declined along with territorial expansion. Landowners were exempt from taxation, making revenue production inefficient and unfair. The middle-class, the backbone of any free economy, was nearly non-existent. Exports were scarce. Military and bureaucratic costs increased. In overthrowing Romulus Augustus, the barbarian conqueror Odoacer assumed neither the title nor the responsibility of governance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William H. McNeill in â€Å"Plagues and Peoples† notes a 20-year-long plague in the late second century killed half of Europe’s population. The reduced tax base was unable to support the government and military and the resultant economic and social decline also killed the Empire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Further theories of the cause of collapse proliferate through the Wikipedia article. So much so that one begins to feel that each sub-section of the article has been contributed by an enthusiast of that particularly pet-theory, sacrificing a general tone of scholarship for a tone of   specificity and personal   expertise. Examples of this include Wikipedias survey of Peter Heathers theory: that the threat posed by the Sassanid Persian Empire has been overlooked as a cause for the Roman Empires fall. He used archaeological evidence to suggest the Romans were stretched militarily by their preoccupation with the Persians, allowing a succession of Huns, Goths, and Germanic barbarians access to their territory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A researcher who is searching for a very good primer regarding the abundance of theories which exist in scholarship to examine the historicism of the Roman Empires fall will find excellent information in the Wikipedia article, as a general and unverified outline of the scholarship. However, a deep-researcher would probably find the entry inconsistent, erratic, and of little value for serious scholarship as a go-to source; rather the Wikipedia seems to serve better as a thumbnail sketch of info and links to other sources of potential value. REFERENCE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Fall of the Roman Empire. wikipedia.com. Retrieved from the Internet March 16, 2007.

How learning theories inform knowledge

How learning theories inform knowledge The NMC (2008) stipulates that as nurses we must maintain our professional knowledge and competence regularly through participation in appropriate learning and practice activities that will maintain and develop our competence and performance. Therefore, this essay will aim to explore and analyse how learning theories informed knowledge development in clinical settings. I will examine the principles underpinning the facilitation of learning and assessment. I will demonstrate my knowledge and understanding of the theoretical concepts in an episode in which I facilitated learning to residents while on placement. Finally, I will use the reflective model by (Gibbs, 1988) to reflect on the strategies used within the episode and discuss the implications in relation to my future role as a nurse. I observed most residents having fast food and fizzy drink regularly for lunch. I was deeply concerned because of my duty of care as a nurse (NMC, 2004) and because previous research has shown the risk of malnutrition was commonly associated with people with psychosis which predisposes them to host of physical health problems (Bottomley and Mckeown, 2008 and Hallpike, 2008). I had a discussion with my mentor of my intention to use the weekly communal meeting to carry out health promotion on healthy eating, considering the fact that most of them were on various antipsychotic medication which predisposes them to become obese. Timms (2008) said that a huge majority of people with mental health problems are most likely to have weight issue due to side effects of their antipsychotic medication. My mentor agreed to table it before the residents in the next meeting to gain their consent in compliance with NMC (2008). The residents consented to it and were quite interested because some them said they were really concerned about their weight. We agreed on a date for me to facilitate the learning that will empower the residents to take responsibility for their health and make a positive change. A vast majority of physical health problems are caused by people lifestyles and their failure to see the risk associated with their daily habits. Kiger (1995) defined health as a state of balance between different facets of life suggesting that it is a dynamic concept which he termed movable. This means is that our lifestyles can alter the balance resulting in an adverse effect on our health. As facilitators, it is essential that we have a clear understanding of the different learning styles in order to tailor our teaching to meeting the varied approach of our learners. This is because learners are intrinsically different and preferred different ways of learning. Teaching is a purposeful intervention aimed at promoting learning and causing learning to happen. While Kiger (2004) defined teaching as a process of enabling people to learn through the dissemination of information and advice; it creates room for people to express their feeling, clarify their thought and acquired new skills. Roger (1996) defined learning as a kind of change often in knowledge but also in behaviour. Reece and Walker (2002) said that learning brings about change and that teaching and learning proceeds pari passu and cannot be treated in isolation. I spent time engaging with the residents so as to build a therapeutic relationship based on trust whilst observing their behaviours. This was to enable me to identify their preferred style of learning so as to increase ease of transmission of knowledge. Kolb (1984) developed the experimental learning theory (learning by doing) by this he suggested that learning is not fixed but formed from previous experiences. Kolb learning theory which is cyclical suggested that people have different learning style and he identified four distinct learning styles as shown in figure 1 below. This includes concrete experience (having an experience), reflective observation (reflective on their experience from a different perspective), abstract conceptualization (drawing their conclusions) and active experimentation (putting theory into practice). For effective learning to happen Kolb said all this four must be taking into context when planning a teaching session. Honey and Mumfords learning cycle is sl ightly different from Kolb system. Honey and Mumford (2000) identified four different types of learners which must be taken into consideration when planning a teaching session. These include the activists, they like learning situation that presents them with new challenges, problem solving, and role play and uses the first opportunity to experiment; reflector like brainstorming and learning activity that gives room for observation, thinking and reflecting on what they have learned; theorist like to research into fact before taking it onboard, they prefer a step by step approach and pragmatist like practical based learning and been given the opportunity to try out techniques and getting feedback in return. In view of fact that people have varied approach to learning and considering the fact that its a group teaching. I intend to present my teaching to my mentor first to get feedback on whether I have considered all the four learners identified by both Kolb and Honey and Mumford. Health promotion is a vital aspect of our nursing intervention. Ewles and Simnett (2003) defined health promotion as the process of empowering people to take proactive action and improve their health. They identified five approaches which must be considered in health promotion and this includes medical, behaviour, education, client-centred and societal change. It is important that we use an approach that encompasses congruence, empathy and respect in assisting our client (Roger, 1996) instead of coercing them to change their life style. it is imperative that we aware that teaching the client requires consent and that the client has the right and autonomy to refuse any intervention even though it can result to death provided they have the mental capacity to make informed decision (Mental Capacity Act, 2005 and NMC, 2008). DH (1996) states that the client must be provided with vital information about their health, so that they can make informed choice about the treatment options, life styles changes and behaviour. Because of this we sort residents consent by providing them information on what the teaching is all about so that they can make informed decision. Kemm and Close (1995) said that there is high tendency for client to learn if teaching is directed to meeting their needs, interest and within their ability. Effective communication plays a vital role in facilitating learning. As nurses the way we communicate and the kind of rapport we build with our client plays an essential role in empowering or disempowering them (Brown, 1997). Good communication skills act as therapeutic tool in delivery a holistic and person-centred care (Burnard, 1992). Our role as facilitator should be to explore and support our client to build that intrinsic motivation to make a change in their life, strengthen their commitment to change and then develop a plan to fulfill that change (Miller and Rollnick 2002). The responsibility for change lies purely on the client however as facilitator we should use an approach that confront the client with the idea of need for change without been persuasive and argumentative rather we should create an environment that show a sense of genuinity, respect and empathic understanding through collaboration and working in partnership with the client. Individuals personal values, beli efs and altitude are motivating factors for self-directed learners. Based on my assessment and the fact that the residents are adult learners capable of self-directing their learning, I chose andragogical instead of pedagogical teaching style. Pedagogy is the art and science of teaching children, it is a teacher- centred while andragogy is the art and science of assisting adults to learn and it is learner-centred. Andragogical approach help learning to take place because of the clients own willingness and it helps learners to learn what they want to learn (Knowles, 1990). Over the years educational psychologist and educationalist have developed models and learning theories (Hincliff, 2004). These include the behaviourist, cognitive or humanistic. I chose the humanistic approach in facilitating the teaching in order to meet the residents learning needs. The humanist theory as explained by (Maslow, 1943) is concerned with individual fulfillment and self-actualisation. Bandura (1977) stated that learning take place as a result of social interaction through observation and mimicking others whom the learner look up to. To facilitate learning; a conducive learning environment, learning material suited to the learners level and their knowledge base must be noted (Quinn, 1995).In view of this, I planned and gathered all the necessary resource taking into account the residents varied learning styles and I ensured the environment was conducive for leaning, spacious, quite and with the right temperature The residents belong to the theorist, pragmatist and reflector learning styles based on my assessment using (Honey and Mumford, 1982). Prior to the start of the teaching, I introduced myself and asked how many of them like burgers and French fry; majority said they liked it. I explained the rationale for the teaching session. I gave them handout I prepared for the session which contains literature and picture which were simple to understand and which they could keep and refer to later at their convenience. I also used video clip from YouTube to facilitate the learning process http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp0nc4kY-tc . I explained to them that most of the fast food they eat is made from hydrogenated oil which is rich saturated fats and that this raises the cholesterol level in the blood because the body find it difficult to break it down. This bad cholesterol gradually blocks the arterial wall which could lead to anterosclerosis, stroke and heart diseases. One of the residents then asked what is cholesterol? I explained the meaning and told them there was the good and bad cholesterol. I encourage them to go check out their cholesterol level. I encouraged them to buy food products rich in unsaturated fat and low saturated fats when shopping for food products. I brought out some food products to show them how to check for this information on the food pack. Then I brought out more food products for them to pick out which one contain high saturated and low unsaturated fats and vice versa to test their understanding of the lectures; they did perfectly well identifying the products. I applauded them for a job well done. I showed another video clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAFTcfaA-pc on You Tube on the kind of food that is healthy, which can raise the good cholesterol which the body need. As a facilitator I encouraged them to adopt a healthier lifestyle by eating more fruit and vegetable, drinking more water instead of fuzzy drink and to cook their meal and to exercise by going to gym or taking a light walk at least once a day. The teaching session was an interactive one with room for question and answer session. I thanked them for their collaboration and for making the teaching successful. Their willingness to learn was awesome. I provided information on what make a balance diet and some activities aim at dealing with weight issues in the communal lounge see appendix. As nurses its imperative that we reflect daily on our professional and clinical practice. Gibb et al (2005) stated that constant reflection allows learning to occur at every given opportunity and that it improves practice. I felt competent though initially nervous teaching the residents. I was able to facilitated residents learning by building a rapport through which I observed their learning styles and knowledge base which made it possible for me to tailor the teaching to their varied learning approach. I believe the teaching session met the outcome of enlightening the residents on the need for healthy eating and lifestyles change based on the feedback I got at the end of the teaching. The session was collaborative and interactive with the residents fully involved in the discussion and asking appropriate when seeking clarification. The residents during the evaluation felt they are now self aware of the danger associated with unhealthy eating and that the handout, leaflet and the use of video during the teaching session were very useful. Residents said they will eat healthier now when asked what they think about fatty foods at the end of the teaching session. My mentors feedback was encouraging but said I was a bit too fast in my presentation. I am aware as a registrant, that my professional development is ongoing and that as I progress in my training I will become more confident in facilitating learning. Conclusively, I have demonstrated knowledge and understanding of the principles underpinning the facilitation of learning and assessment. Therapeutic relationship and effective communication is the key to facilitating learning. Through therapeutic engagement I was able to understand the varied learning approach of the residents based on Honey and Mumford learning styles. As facilitators, it important that we work collaboratively, encouraging and supporting our client to build that intrinsic motivation to make change in their life by using an approach that encompasses congruence, respect and empathy rather than coercing them which is inimical to holistic and client-centred care. Reflecting on the teaching session and feedback from both the residents and my mentor has given me insight on ways to improve my teaching skills and this will form a basis for my future role as nurse.

Eco-Friendly Sustainable Building

Eco-Friendly Sustainable Building People build building and structures for meet their social need and for shelter from out sided attack which is like wind, rain, sunlight and etc. For developer, they build building is to meet economic needs which is for investment and to satisfy corporate objectives. Peoples lifestyle and the standard of living and also modernized a community can be improved by the grown of building. Essential and highly visible construction contributor to the process of grown of the country, which means the more of the construction industry grown, the more the country grown. But however, the growing of construction industry brings adverse impacts to environment. So growing acceptance and realization throughout the world that there is a need for more responsible approach to environment. Sustainable building is a UK strategy for more sustainable construction. The other word for sustainable building is Green building; it is design for minimum waste during the construction and after the construction. Mo re construction used a lot of energy and makes a lot of pollution, but in green construction there is minimize of energy used and also never pollute the environment. Most of these points make a good business to developer which is minimizing the waste and increase the efficiency. Advantages of sustainable building Energy efficiency Water efficiency Material efficiency Indoor environment quality enhancement Operation and maintenance optimization Waste reduction Cost and payoff Reduce environmental impact Energy efficiency Green buildings are designed to use renewable energy efficiently and reduce the dependency of non renewable energy source supplied through the use of non renewable materials which is like coal diesel, etc. For example, solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, polystyrene as heat insulation in reinforced concrete wall. Energy efficiency helps to reduce CO2 emissions. Use high efficiency window or insulator in wall floors and ceilings to release heat in summer time Efficiency window allowed sunlight go into house, so we no need switch on light during day time Plant tree at the outside of house to shade roofs or window during the summer time Renewable energy such as solar power, hydro power, wind power or biomass can reduce the impact of the building to the environment Water efficiency Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in a green building Done through on site collection of rain water, purification and reused on site Utilization of waterless urinal or low amount flush allows the efficiency use of water Install purification system can purify Water which from tank Water collect tank. Collect rain, human waste and store it temporary Use purified water to bath, wash cloth, wash car, and for cook Conversation of water reduce the cost Material efficiency Green buildings can be constructed using renewable materials like bamboo, timbers from sustainable managed forests Construction material derived from recycled raw material such as : dredged material from seabed, incineration ash, construction and demolition waste, copper slag, steel slag. Non toxic, renewable and recyclable product for example: Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth and ect. Use recycled industrial goods such as coal combustions products, demolition debris and foundry sand in construction site. Material of building must have extractable and manufacturable, so that it can minimize the energy embedded in transportation. Material done at factory can reduce the sound pollution Indoor environment quality enhancement Requires the less usage of indoor air conditioned and reduction in artificial lighting Done through efficient design of windows, air sills, chimney that allows wind to pass within the building Careful integration of nature and artificial light sources to improve on the lighting quality of a structure HVAC system control by the air flow and peoples temperature, AC will start working when only room temperature is no longer comfortable. Light will switch on automatically which only got people Operation and maintenance optimization Operation and maintenance optimization personnel of the building will help the green criteria designed at the onset of the project through proper training and sustainable guidelines of the recycling and maintenance of the quality of the indoor environment No matter how sustainable a building may have been it design and construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly Waste reduction Sustainable construction also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and material used during the construction process. Green buildings also promotes on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce waste going to landfills Conversion of human waste into organic fertilizers for agricultural use.

The Two Faces of Kim: An Investigation into Rudyard Kiplings Kim Essay

The Two Faces of Kim: An Investigation into Rudyard Kipling's Kim "I would go without shirts or shoes, Friends, tobacco or bread Sooner than for an instant lose Either side of my head." The Two-Sided Man (Kipling 179) To think of "the two-sided man" is to think of the self-searching protagonist of Rudyard Kipling's Kim. "Burned black" and yet white, Irish and yet 'Little Friend of All the World', British and yet native, ruler and yet servant, Kipling's multi-faceted Kim must find his place in the social order of a society that he resides in but is not truly connected to (51). Moreover, what he must also do is recognize that his two identities do not have to come together to form one; it may be more advantageous to keep the two separate from one another. Thus, his quest to find the "Red Bull on a green field" accomplishes two-fold: it allows Kim to find his identity and Kipling to convey his feelings on imperialist presence in India (49). It may be argued that Kipling chooses England over India, elevating the righteousness and appropriateness of British rule over the lowly and needy Indian nation. To say this, however, would be incorrect, for Kim also celebrates the beauty and exoticness of India, its native languages and culture, showing that as much as British customs are praised so too is the Indian way of life. Thus, the identity that Kim forges for himself does not value British over Indian ideologies or blend the two into one hybrid mixture. What he does do, instead, is hold each as a separate, equally important entity. To use the term 'postcolonial' in Kim would therefore suggest the need to develop British and Indian identities in a way that the distinct characteristics of each group are retained and yet equally r... ...oughout the contexts of the play, Kim has developed each persona independently, be it through schooling or his interactions with other characters, and done so successfully. The term 'postcolonial' then is indeed a suggestion of the need to maintain both identities in the face of a culturally fragmented society, where one identity is no more important than the other. If Kim were to be an actor in a play, he could masterfully take the stage of the British gentleman one night, and in the next performance, an Indian untouchable. It is this very ability to become English and then in another moment Indian that makes him such a successful spy. In the end, whatever the disguise, Kim's adventure along the Grand Trunk Road of Life and his chase of the 'Great Game,' as spying is called, does go on. Hopefully by doing so, Kim can one day answer his question - who really is Kim?

Iagos Justice :: essays papers

Iagos Justice In William Shakespeare’s play Othello, there lurks an evil that far is surpasses the darkness of the devil, it lies in the antagonist Iago. Othello who passes Iago up for a promotion simply because Iago is not a arithmetician, swears to take his revenge and destroy the moor and every thing Othello holds dear. Through this Iago plays judge, jury, and executioner, but is Iago’s justice justified or does his justice go far beyond the point of justice that he crosses the line. Once that line is crossed there is a point of no return. All barriers that may have at one point existed are now broken. Iago’s justice can never be justified, by taking or causing the bloodshed of the innocent for his own personal gain is no more justified then murder in cold blood. What ever promotion Iago is entitled to or what ever rights he may have is gone when he decides to create his own law. Nor should he posses the power to influence and decide the fate of others. â€Å"I hate the Moor;........Hell and night must bring this monstrous birth to the world’s light† (I.ii.20). Iago intend to â€Å"abuse Othello’s ear† and convince Othello his wife Desdemona is an adultress, â€Å"framed to make women false† (I.i.20). Iago plans to bring the devils evil to earth in order to get his revenge on Othello. Although Iago’s justice can never be justified his anger pointed towards Othello can be. Despite all the rage, fury, resentment, prejudice, and anger Iago feels towards Othello; Iago feels all this and more to the appointed lieutenant Michael Cassio. For Cassio has never had experience on the battle field, â€Å"A fellow almost damn’d in a fair wife; That never set a squadron in the field, Nor the division of a battle knows† (I.i.1). Iago also points out that â€Å"preferment goes by letter and affection† (I.i.2). Iago is well aware of the fact that he is more qualified for the position but choices are based upon brain and not achievements on the field. In Iago’s pursuit of destroying the Moor and achieving his rightful position he destroys so many lives. Michael Cassio is soon striped of his position due to Iago’s deceit. Othello’s fair wife Desdemona is murdered by her own husband after Othello’s mind is poisoned by th e â€Å"honest† Iago.

Frank-n-Furter, Michel Dorsey/Dorothy Michels, and Dil: alternative mas

Frank-n-Furter, Michel Dorsey/Dorothy Michels, and Dil: alternative masculinities in film from the 70's to the 90's The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), Tootsie (1982), and The Crying Game (1993) are united by their overt concern with sexuality and gender; particularly non-dominant gender and sexual identities. Dr. Frank-N-Furter, of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, Michel Dorsey, of Tootsie, and Dil, of The Crying Game, challenge conventional masculinity, and, the latter two especially, expose gender roles as nothing more than performances or social constructs. In so doing, these protagonists propose alternative masculinities and male gender roles. The nature and the presentation of these alternative males has evolved from being alien, as in the early Rocky Horror Picture Show, to being an improvement on the masculine norm, as in Tootsie, to being a completely new form of masculinity within society, as in the recent Crying Game. This evolution demonstrates society’s gradual acceptance of the existence of alternative masculinities, from the seventies to the nineties. The Rocky Horror Picture Show is considered by many film scholars to be "the granddaddy" (Saunders 91) of cult films. As most cult movies appeal to our subversive instincts, our desire to see conventional morality trashed (Giannetti, Leach 252), the film provides an interesting point of departure for a study of the subversion of masculine norms. Throughout this film, Frank-n-Furter mercilessly assaults the straight world and its values, especially conventional masculinity, as represented by Brad, and finally seduces Brad into adopting his alternative masculinity. The opening scene foreshadows the fact that Brad’s conventional masculinity will be challenged late... ... The Crying Game, all challenge conventional male gender roles, and propose alternative ones. The latter two characters also expose gender as a social construct, and, in so doing, illustrate that gender roles are malleable, and not predetermined and fixed. While The Rocky Horror Picture Show presents an alternative form of masculinity in an alien being, and Tootsie’s alternative male turns out to be a reworking of the conventional male, in The Crying Game, the alternative male is just that, a real alternative to normative masculinity. Dil is not an alien, or a heterosexual actor, but is an actual transvestite, living among more or less conventional masculine types. This evolution in the presentation of alternative masculinities in film, from the seventies to the nineties, demonstrates society’s gradual acceptance of the existence of alternative forms of masculinity.

Job Rotation Programs Essay

Job rotation programs are very enriching but require much energy from both the company implementing the program as well as the employees. Job rotation is the systematic movement of employees from job to job within an organization. Job rotation is a systematic career development strategy that moves employees laterally and offers customized assignments for specialized learning. Rotation assignment can run from six to eighteen months or longer. Employees who participate in job rotation programs develop a wide range of skills, and generally they are more adaptable to changes in jobs and careers and more engaged and satisfied with their jobs in comparison with workers who specialized in a single skill set or domain. † (Fiester, 2008) Participating in a job rotation program helps to prevent stagnation and job monotony as well as the opportunity to explore alternative career options within the organization. I participated in Chrysler’s Management Trainee program and I was able to work in four distinct areas of the Procurement and Supply. As a buyer, I was able to see just how everything comes together. I worked with engineers and sales teams and helped with cost cutting measures. I moved into the position of transit supervisor and worked with the trucking industry. That allowed me to get close to the Just-in-Time side of the business and working with drivers, plant schedules and winter weather problems. I then moved into the position of Supplier management and worked to help the suppliers with delivery issues. My last rotation was in the plant where I saw it all come together. In the plant, I actually saw the parts that I had ordered go onto the vehicle. I saw the process come full circle. My rotations allowed me to see how what I did as a buyer affected what happens in the plant. In the plant, I was constantly wondering why parts were being moved to Mexico. I understood the cost savings, but when you are waiting for a train to arrive or a truck that is stuck at the border – those decisions become quite a headache. Article in Relation to HRM Companies as a whole are looking for ways to not only bring in the best and the brightest, but they are also looking for ways to keep them. Job rotation programs allow companies to give employees options. If they can move around the company in a company sponsored program, they can see what sort of opportunities they like and would be best for their career aspirations. Recruiting can get expensive but it you can allow your employees the chance to see what their options are within the company, they are more likely to stay. A formalized rotation programs allows them to move around with looking like they are jumping from job to job. That does not look good. Sustaining interest in a single job is not always easy and could cause retention problems for companies. There is a downside to job rotations. If the employees enter the job and don’t have the skills necessary, then the work will often fall on the others within the department. Because there is a learning curve, and because the work has to get done, someone in the department will have to take up the slack and there may be some resistance or push back. (Jusko, 2011) Conclusion I would have to say that after participating in the job rotation program at Chrysler, I was a much better at each and every job after that.  When I was in a buying position, I was especially sure that I built in time to cross the border or as a delivery specialist, I discussed routing with suppliers. I would have to say that the most beneficial time I spent was at the plant. Every decision made from the design of the vehicle to the location of the supplier effects what happens as the assembly plant. It would be my suggestion that every person that has something to do with the manufacturing of anything rotate through the plant and get a feel for what the decision you make may mean down the line.

Human Resource and Industrial Relations Essay

In m each Commonwealth Caribbean Countries since the untimely 1960s, thither turn in been attempts at cosmos Sector Re variety show by successor the handed- passel trunk of customary judicature with what is comm nevertheless known as sore-sprung(prenominal) earth Man progress pastureforcet and to this day, the successful death penalty of much(prenominal)(prenominal) structural ad savement attempts collapse evaded intimately g overnments who watch d ard to try. It was evident, however, that in that location were differences in the office each country act to introductionduce NPM. Jamaica and Barbados, for example, adhered rigorously to the primary tenets of NPM and Trinidad and Tobago by implementing round measures patently non freshly(prenominal)s. military personnel office re bloodline commission (HRM) is a shape which is now widely used but re every last(predicate)y loosely outlined. It should be defined in such(prenominal) a mien as to differentiate it from traditional personnel solicitude and to completelyow the organic evolution of testable hypotheses rough its shock absorber. Based on theoretical die hard in the field of organizational conduct it is proposed that HRM comprises a flummox of policies degestural to maximise organizational integration, employee commitment, tractability and quality of go a focusing. within this sticker, collective industrial dealing get under ones skin, at best, only a minor enjoyment. disdain the app bent attr feats of HRM to counselings, there is very half-size evidence of every quality around its contact or that of natural overt charge. However, the purpose of this paper is to suss out and die slightly of the different speak toes to benignant option solicitude, New internal Management andindustrial Relations initiatives used in Trinidad and Tobago and the purpose to which the instauration of a reinvigorated model of oversight in the do primary(prenominal) domain has guide to a realignment in the qualitys, responsibilities, and dealinghips amid the policy-makers, the bureaucracy, civil head-disposed club and Trade Unions in Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, mentioning the run for of two (2) salutary accomplished local minds who confound contributed to the conceive of habitual Sector illuminate and industrial Relations. Human imaginativeness Management and industrial Relations (HRIR) is a multidisciplinary atomic number 18a that investigates tout ensemble aspects of c solelying relations in the macrocosm and hush-hush sector. Modern organisations increasingly encounter staff as their or so precious asset and a chief cum of competitive advantage. Consequently, they attach great richness to how they manage people. Successful guidance of craft relations is vital if employees are to be motivated and organisations are to be successful.The Human imagery management (HRM) side encompasses the memorial tablet of a n organizations employees and is sometimes referred to simply as valete imagings (HR). It is the people who model for the organization and human election management is really employee management with an emphasis on those employees as assets of the dividing line. Areas of HRM oversight include employee recruitment and retention, exit interviews, motivation, assignment selection, labor police compliance, performance reviews, cultivation, captain cultivation, mediation, change over management and some extent of industrial Relations. industrial relations, which is sometimes called labour-management relations is a professional area of activity and is multidisciplinary, drawing from some(prenominal) academic areas such as law, stintings, psychology, sociology and organizational theory. The field of industrial relations besides similarly encompasses the affinitys amid employers and employees, among employees and primordial(a) employees, between employers and their bar ter man and wifes and advisors, between employees and their unions, between works in the labour market, the environment created by diachronic, political, effectual and cordial forces, cultural norms as s s tumefy up as the products of the industrial relations systems including industrial action, collective agreements, grievance handling and early(a) paradox-solving mechanisms.Since the 1990s, there has been the indigence to transition from the traditional reality Administration (PA) to New worldly concern Management (NPM) and the implementation of NPM ideas are about related to Human Resources (HR)in prevalent institutions. In order to achieve a consistent slip of paper, a lot of caution has been devoted to the reconstruction of Human Resource Management (HRM) as well as the improvement in the quality of industrial Relations in Trinidad and Tobago that has perish demand re endureable to the increasing frequency of strikes and different industrial action related t o negotiations for sweet collective agreements. The first of the two (2) Authors whos work are being menti unityd and use up made valid contributions to the field of Public Sector Reform is Dr. Ann-Marie Bissessar, a well accomplished Senior Lecturer in the Behavioural Sciences De adjournment, University of the West Indies. Dr. Bissessar in angiotensin-converting enzyme of her numerous writings entitled. The changing nexus of causefulness in the new common sector management of Trinidad and Tobago, examines the extent to which the entering of a new model of management in the popular sector has led to a realignment of the bureaucracy and civil society in Trinidad and Tobago. The document suggests that the introduction of new in the man eye(predicate) management in the humankind goods of Trinidad and Tobago has led to changes in the structure, refining and functioning of the public sector.Doctor Bissessar argues that piece there were tensions between the politician and the administrator during the post-independence period these were, to a large extent, unploughed in check by the rules and orders that were part and parcel of the traditional method of administration. The introduction of principles of new public management in 1991 and the stress on greater self-sufficiency and a more than than fluid bureaucratic ar concatenationment, however, have fundamentally altered the power relationships between the politician and the administrator so that the di visual sense between the political vault of heaven and the administrative sphere has be arrange increasingly blurred. With respect to the civil society, concludes that with the exception of reliable non- administrational organizations, the wider civil society continues to have a minimal input in either policy formulation or execution. committal to writing on the aforementi angiotensin converting enzymed(prenominal) lines of thought was Dr. Roodal Moonilal in his one of his holds entitled, A none on the Human Resource Management and its dispersion. Doctor Moonilal, wrote that the nonion of HRM is difficult to capitulation down with one definition and that is has primal concerns with issues of quality, productivity, safety and the cost- in effect(p) use of materials.former(a) features include sub- boil downing, re-deployment of labour, individual contracts and external forms of flexibility and much of the human relationsschool. He took from the work of Allan fob, who articulated two categories or assigns of reference within which to sentimentualise workplace industrial relations. He enjoind that corn dodger outlined a unitary barf of reference which accentuate the importance of a common objective for the attempt, with one source of position and one focus of force fieldion, all participants have the kindred staple fibre groom and all aspire to share in the rewards which will accrue from the attainment of this aim. difference within this framework i s denied, as Fox adduces, the doctrine of common purpose and consent of interests implies that apparent conflict is either (a) nevertheless frictional, e.g. due to incompatible personalities or things expiry wrong, or (b) caused by incorrect parleys, e.g. misunderstandings about aims or methods, or (c) the resolving power of stupidity in the form of failure to grasp the communality of interest, or (d) the work of agitators inciting the supine majority who would oppositewise be content (196612). Improving human relations and communications are said to be the appropriate methods to avoid conflict which is seen as the result of poor social relations.In the unitary frame the presence of workmanship unions is seen as an intrusion into the unavowed, peaceful and interconnected structure, they compete illegitimately for control over, and the loyalty of, the employees and are considered foreign and alien to the reclusive affairs of the comp two. Foxs work in addition determine a pluralist frame which accepts that an enterprise contains groups with a variety of different interests, aims and aspirations and it is therefore a coalition of different interests rather than the cast of one common goal. In the pluralist enterprise conflict is normal, judge and should non be suppressed but the aim must(prenominal) be to keep it within accept bounds to pr hithertot the destruction of the enterprise. The article in like manner states that if HRM stop be fit(p) conceptually within the unitary political orientation in the 1960s, it must likewise be traced to forms of strategic industrial relations espouse during the very period. The emergence of productivity negociate defined as an exchange of higher(prenominal) wages for more work, or the equivalent wages in less time, or for greater flexibility and mobility of labour was seen as an earlier attempt by management to give direction to industrial relations.By the late 1970s external forces situated a focu s on HRM in the academic and professional circuits as well as a wide range of features and dramatically contrasting embraces on its implementation, usurpation and implications. Thearticle as well as stressed the engage for Total Quality Management (TQM) and that the historical labour-management distrust and war in industrial relations has no place in Human Resource Management plot of ground stating that there are however characteristics of HRM which dismiss threaten the functioning of traditional allot unionism. Dr. Moonilal states that level off though some features of HRM crowd out threaten the Union, they tolerate only bring out a Union if it is weak at the shop floor level with a membership which is immobilized and lacking faith in the collective action and skill in representation. The Practitioners of industrial relations were said to be mountain union officers, human resource managers, conciliators, mediators, labour department officials and project managers, among differents.The main focus of industrial relations is on people in the workplace, whether such a workplace is a large trans subject field organization, or a small family firm, whether those use are on a contract of answer or on a contract for service and whether or not a union is involved at the workplace. Indeed, industrial relations displace survey even where collective agreements do not materialize.PART ALike most islands in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago emerged from colonization in the early 1960s extremely poor and with an thriftiness structured around resource exports. Trinidad and Tobagos tremendous exploitation spurt slowed, and the economy entered a ten- yr period of sluggish ripening and had become urbanized, legion(predicate) belonging to the midsection segmentation, a seat unknown in most maturation countries. As scotch growth slowed, increased demands were voiced for fair to middling housing, better labor rights, more jobs, better living and works c onditions, more fair distribution of wealth, and national ownership of resources. in spite of these demands, the socioeconomic problems present in Trinidad and Tobago were only as acute as in other Caribbean countries nonetheless, such issues as disallow attitudes toward foreign ownership tended to dominate. Led by the charismatic and intellectual Eric Williams since its independence in 1962, citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, like people finishedout the region, hoped and expected that political independence would bring not only dignity but economic improvement.The moderate growth Trinidad and Tobago had been experiencing resulted in some gains for the population. During this time,the islands labor force was highly unionised and the industrial relations humour in Trinidad and Tobago was growing tense with the development of the muckle union movement. in that location was an increasing subdue of strikes and labour disputes which threatened the economic growth and productivity of the country. The Public work employees were exposit as being indolent, inefficient and fog and it was impossible to discipline everyone or renew the service. So, It was said that the Public Service no semipermanent attracted the best. The Government of the day could no longer heist in victorious legislative action to regulate the relations between unions, workers and employers and there was an urgent need for change and the role of political relation in the economy increased drastically during the 1960s. The year 1962 was actually when the first step in the development of the collective dicker dish in Trinidad and Tobago was taken in November of that year, just three (3) months after the country obtained liberty from the British in 1962.An agreement was signed by the secretaire to Cabinet at the time on behalf of the Government and by the malarkyership of the elegant Service Association, the recognize vocalism for civil Servants. It established a Civil Service Ar bitration court with the power to decide issues remaining inharmonic between the Government and the Association. The Tribunal was intentional to function on an Ad Hoc foot and under the W work stoppageley Council System, the Colonial Secretary and subsequently, the Secretary to Cabinet discussed matters relating to the Terms and Conditions of piece of works in the Civil Service with the Executive of the Civil Service Association .However, the right to approve of not approve any agreements reached was reserved to the regulator General after Independence.The relationship wherefore changed between the Government and the Association and by extension the Civil Service, by take an end to the virtually absolute authority previously exercised by the Government. The next sort of Collecting Bargaining was achieved in 1966 when fantan passed the Civil Service set as arrange No. 29 of 1965. This practise which came into force on August 27, 1966 resultd for an impressive system of e mbodied Bargaining referred to in the human activity as credit and Negotiation. The Act established the violence incision of Government which was headed by the Chief Personnel police officer and staffed by Civil Servants to maintain the class of CivilServants and keep under review the remuneration have a bun in the ovenable to them, administer the normal regulations respecting the Civil Servants, provide for and establish cognitive cultivates for reference point between the Personnel Department and an any Association in respect to smor gasconadebord of officers, any grievances and Terms and Conditions of Employment of Civil Servants. Those aspects of the employment relationship which could not be left to collective bargaining such as employee health and safety, minimum age of employment and workers recompense, retrenchment and severance benefits and maternal quality cede are set down in legislation which bind the take and orphic employers.As a result the industrial Stab ilisation Act, 1965, was enacted. This Act introduced the concept of compulsory arbitration to Trinidad and Tobago by the organization of the industrial judgeship. The main function of this Court was to intervene to prevent and settle industrial disputes between employers and their union represented workers. The industrial Stabilisation Act was later repealed and replaced by the Industrial Relations Act, 1972, lumbermanter 8801 of the Laws of Trinidad and Tobago to provide for the following free collective bargaining between employer and workers finished their representative associations, the development of a peaceful and expeditious procedure for the settlement of disputes, the establishment of the Industrial Court,the citation and registration of raft unions, the freedom to be represented by a stack union and the right not to associate, and industrial action which whitethorn be taken by both employer and employee. In addition, supply was made for a three-party industrial relations advisory committee which had the state of reviewing the IRA and do recommendations to the diplomatic minister of Labour. This way the Act kept up with industrial relations trends.The general industrial relations policy in Trinidad and Tobago was based on voluntary collective bargaining between employers and workers, via their representative associations, for the settlement of terms and conditions of employment. bit the Government has ratified several(prenominal) ILO Conventions, including the Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144), these Conventions only become effective when they are legislatively implemented. A 144 Tripartite Committee, comprising all of the social partners, tradeunions, employers, and Government, in operation in Trinidad and Tobago with the right of considering and recommending the ratification of ILO Conventions. State employees include all civil servants, teachers and members of the Protective work (F ire, patrol and Prison Services). The employment relationship between the State and its employees was governed generally by legislation, which made provisions for terms and conditions of employment including recruitment, hours of work, leave entitlements, payment of remuneration, pensions, allowances and other benefits. on that point was legislation which dealt specifically with each group, such as the Civil Service Act, Chap 2301 for all civil servants, the Police Service Act, Chap. 1501, as revise by the Police Service annotation (2003), the Fire Service Act, Chap. 3550 and the Education Act, Chap 3901 for teachers. The representative associations of monthly paid State employees may bargain collectively with the Chief Personnel Officer, who is deemed to be the employer of State employees under the IRA. The subject of these negotiations include wage increases, travelling and other allowances and leave entitlements. Other legislations were as follow The Occupational Safety and Hea lth Act Sets standards for employee health and safety at the workplace The Workmens Compensation Act or the Employment Injury and Disability Benefits shoot Provides compensation where employees are injured on the job suppression and Severance Benefits Act Guarantees the payment of severance pay to retrenched employees. The pregnancy Protection Act Provides motherhood leave and related benefits to female employeesPART BIn December 1991 a new political sympathies was elected in Trinidad and Tobago. It in brief embarked on an ambitious computer architectural plan of public sector rectify under the boilersuit direction of Gordon Draper as Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister with responsibility for Public Administration and Public Information. The programme drew directly on the NPM look-alike and sought to deliver decentralised management, improve morale and productivity, meliorate human resource management, improved quality of service and delivery, and improved computeing and accounting systems. The details of the programme were set outin detail in a publication of the MTSD as A Profile of the Public Service of Trinidad and Tobago (Commonwealth secretariate 1995). It covered seven areas, three of which were expound in some detail. The first was making the most of staff through training and development, the establishment of change teams within ministries to lead reform, new systems of performance appraisal, and amend work performance by upgrading accommodation and developing an employee assistance programme.The second focused on making government more efficient through the introduction of strategic training, up(p) productivity via computerisation, contracting out services, tautology management, and conducting comprehensive audits, a view also shared by Dr. Bissessar and Dr. Moonilal as mentioned previously. The threesome area, improving policy analysis and co-ordination, was to be achieved by creating standing committees of Cabinet i n vital areas for national economic development, improving policy presentation in the media, and creating more mechanisms for public consultation on national development. The other areas get byed the quality of public services, partnerships with the semi toffee-nosed sector and non-government organisations, effective management and the management of finance. It was a comprehensive vision and some of the ideas, mechanisms and procedures set forth in it have since been adopted by other Caribbean countries in their programmes of reform.In Trinidad and Tobago, however, it ran into difficulties. One was over the powers and responsibilities of the Public Service Commission (PSC). The reforms proposed their diminution and rationalisation, with umpteen of them being exercised by ministries and other public agencies in accordance with the more decentralised management principles of NPM. These were resisted by the PSC, which claimed that the government was unfairly blaming them for failur es in the public service. They also questioned the introduction of underground sector set into the very different ethos of the public service (Trinidad and Tobago 1995). Another was the proposal to establish human resource units in ministries which would have badly weakened the Personnel Department. A fleck of ministries submitted plans but there was much delay in implementation reducing the effectuality of the reform. Other changes in this area, such as performance appraisal, also met employee resistance, suggesting a blind drunk cultural resistance to change. However, on the one hand, public servants obligateed change which was salutary to themsuch as training, pay increases, systems of vocation path planning and enhanced opportunities.On the other, they were afraid of change which was in any way radical, rather than incremental, since they equated it with retrenchment and suppression which would threaten their jobs and erode their tenure. In such circumstances it is not surprising that many were openly hostile to suggestions for further reform. In the face of such opposition, and also a lessening of commitment to micro-manage change by the political leadership, the reform programme slowly ground to a halt. The role of the state in development has come under challenge. The reasons for this include the fiscal crises that hit most developing countries in the 1980s, weaken the ability of the state to fund development programmes the stabilisation and structural adjustment policies that followed, which compel reductions in the role and size of government and an increase in the scope and activities of the private sector and the elaboration, from the beginning of the 1990s, of programmes of good regime which aimed to build an effective state through matching a states role to its capability, which required a cardsharp focus on fundamentals, and raising state capability by reinvigorating public institutions. In the achievement of these last set of activi ties move public sector reform was to be encouraged.The impact of such programmes on the developing world has been the subject of much comment. In the case of small states it raised situation difficulties. The public sector tends to be proportionally bigger and its responsibility for delivering services crosswise a wide range of activities greater than in many larger countries. at that place were thus serious questions about any proposal to reduce the role of the state. At the same time the need for public sector reform was acknowledged in many small states. The New Public Sector Management (NPSM) is the transfer of business and market principles and management routinees from the private sector into the public service itself, or outsourcing government activities to the special purpose companies owned by a government or even to the private sector. There is or has been no empirical evidence that NPSM reforms of the public service or outsourcing have led to productivity increases or public welfare improvements even by private sector standards. This is because there are basic problems implicit in the NPSM model which derive from the situation that the aims of the public service differ from those of the private sector.The private sector is about competition and maximising profits.The proponents of NPSM seek to treat the public as though they are consuming private sector goods and services. The use of these business techniques in the delivery of public functions constricts the accomplishment of the basic tenets of the state democracy, regularity, transparency and due process, which are surely more important than perceived efficiency and speed. With regards to its impact on the Industrial Relations System, traditionally, trade unions in the Caribbean, in negotiating wages and conditions of employment for their members, have resorted to the con appearational undertake to settle outstanding issues. In the early days of trade unionism, this approach was extremel y successful and was effectively used. It poop be said that employers were cognizant of the dummy up relationship that existed between the political leaders in most of the Caribbean islands and the trade union leaders. In some instances, they were one and the same person. As the countries became independent and the impact of wayward economic circumstances began to be felt, employers in both the public sector and private sector responded by resorting to taking problematical economic decisions.Invariably, these decisions focused on the way in which wage increases were negotiated, the level of these increases and the impact which they had on government finances and on profits at the level of the enterprise. As a consequence, collective bargaining took a new turn as trade unions were forced to examine seriously their approach to the preparation of proposals and the presentation of their case. At the same time, alternative approaches to confrontation were examined and in some instanc es adopted. Social dialog has been demonstrable by the ILO as one of the alternative approaches recommended to the social partners (governments, employers and trade unions). A number of studies on best practices in selected enterprises in the Caribbean are being developed to demonstrate how effective social dialogue can be in increasing productivity and in keeping with the New Public Management approaches. However, it seems to me that there has been increasingly forceful moves by trade unions in Trinidad and Tobago over the recent few years to influence national policies and issues. This may be out of foiled expectations which originate from political and economic circumstances. whatever the reason, it is has begun to have a negative impact on the workers they represent and the wider society. If thissituation is not addressed it may very well deteriorate and there will be unintended adverse consequences, including loss of employment opportunities and declining standards of livin g for those whose interests should be served by the unions. The psyche stakeholders must re-examine their contributions to the current state of affairs and resolve to bring about the necessary transformation. We need to start the process of change now and even though it would be time consuming, it must be done. It requires an understanding of the realities of the global economy and the desperate for small economies such as ours to go away and in the longer term, to prosper. Trinidad and Tobago has been in a more fortunate position due to our rich hydrocarbon industry and prices being incidentally high. However, this should not be the basis of planning sustainable economic growth and development. The approaching requires all the social partners to work together, replacing confrontation by cooperation and collaboration. This can only be accomplished if there are suitable multipartite mechanisms established by the government and adhered to by all stakeholders (government, labour, private sector and civil society) whereby meaningful consultation leads to consensus on common objectives and the strategies by which these can be achieved.There must be a major paradigm demerit from dependency on oil and gas revenues to support artificially high employee compensation without regard for productivity. There can be no justification for such blind approaches to industrial relations. It is time to adopt new methods of resolving issues and to put the issue of pay for performance and productivity on the front burner. The era of might is right is a luxury we can no longer afford. We need to usher in a new dispensation of enlightened industrial relations to create a truly developed society. Relations between companies and unions need to shift from being adversarial to one of co-operation and it is critical for both parties, union and management to jointly address the competitive pressures and to work together to tackle the skills and the commitment of the workforce. The manufacturing and public sectors in many countries have been the traditional base of support for trade unions. They are now experiencing appreciable difficulties in maintaining and increasing membership. It is the hope of many that the Government will begin the process of getting the economy back on its feet. In doing so, there is always the dominance for increased agitation by tradeunions that could ultimately lead to Industrial action where their demands for double digit wage increases cannot be met by the Government.Such a situation can also impact the industrial relations environment across the private sector where unionization is concentrated, particularly along the East-West Corridor. There is also, the perception among many in society that our industrial relations climate will become increasingly adversarial. Employers are more weary of unionization right away more than ever before precondition the current approach to negotiations and dispute blockage by certain trade u nions. This is most unfortunate since these very employers accept that trade unions have a critical role to play in shaping industrial relations in our country and facilitating an economic recovery. It goes without saying that industrial action in any form and by anyone can lead to huge disruptions, losses in production and ultimately adverse long-run economic consequences if unchecked and properly regulated. The problem is that much of the current legislation and regulation governing industrial action was hypothesise back in the 1960s and at a time when there were no legislative safeguards and specified minimum working conditions. On the other hand, the situation is very different today.Today, most workers enjoy legislative protectionsin areas ranging from unfair dismissals to minimum wages, maternity leave and severance benefits. It is important to whole step that in the 1960s trade union membership was more than twice as much as it is now and industrial relations was more abou t power relations hence the prevalence of adversarial relationships between employers and workers. Today, this too has changed somewhat and great strides have been made to encourage tripartism, social dialogue and labour management co-operation. The movement towards human capital as the major enthronisation for competitive advantage has greatly accelerated. alter communication of total reward packages through face-to-face meetings, total reward statements and plastic benefits have in most workplaces replaced substantiating forms of communication and the significance of basic pay in the overall remuneration package.The one (1) major area that undeniable to be addressed was the Industrial Court, which was noted to have served the country will but has not been perfect inits judgments. Many have questioned whether there is a need for the Industrial Court as some of its judgments have been criticized. In a report submitted to Errol McLeod, Minister of Labour, Small and Micro Develop ment Enterprises on July 29, 2013 by the Industrial Relations unhurriedness Report Committee, it stated twenty-five (25) recommendations for changes needed within the Industrial Relations Sector. The report stated that there is a need to ensure that the Industrial Court is examined and brought up to a more modern constitution, since there have been no direct changes in the Labour Relations Sector for decades.There are issues with the tenure of Judges, Independence of the Court, migrant Law, Minimum Wages, Maternity Protection, Work mens Compensation Ordinance and Retrenchment and Severance Pay. It was also stated that the Collective Bargaining process must be done in a more timely basis. The Industrial Relations unhurriedness Report Committee also stressed in their extensive report that it was of import to the Industrial Relations Sector that all twenty-five (25) recommendations made be addressed. With this in mind, it is clear that what our industrial relations system inelucta bly now is a modernised legal framework which is applicable to changes in working life, modern human resource management practices and technological advancement. It also needfully a proper functioning Industrial Court to preside over all its matters.RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONWhile several attempts have also been made in the past to improve the operations of the Public Service of Trinidad and Tobago, the challenges associated with Human Resource Management and its evolution into New Public Management, accountability, selective information and technology, communication technology, leadership systems and the systems of laws and procedures continue to occur. The nuance of the Public Service has been one referred to as too laid back and that any diversion from the status quo is frowned upon and resisted. There needs to be collaboration between rouge central agencies to facilitate their acceptance of the fact that change is needed and accept the relevant responsibilities. Governm ents need to properly formulate and carry off the implementation of comprehensive change management strategies and have a robust legislative analysis of thesechanges.Provisions must be created to ensure effective implementation and review, communication and networking within and among various Ministries and Departments. There also needs to be a alter of the Civil Service and administrative components of Public Service Reform, providing them with a better frame work and indicator set. More circumspection must be given to the budget execution phases of Financial Management and capable resources must be allocated to ensure that the officers can perform at their best and with a sense of urgency. With all this in mind, it is quite an obvious that any kind or nature of Reform is a work in progress.BIBLIOGRAPHYLabour Law Profile. home(a) Labour Profile Trinidad and Tobago Web. 27 July 2011http//www.ilo.org/resrch/introTrinidad and Tobago Economic DevelopmentWeb. August 2011www.photiu s.com/countries/Trinidad and TobagoBissessar, Ann-Marie. The changing nexus of power in the New Public Sector Management of Trinidad and Tobago. Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of the West-IndiesInternational Journal of Public Sector Management. Web.Vol. 16ISS No.109Moonilal, Roodal Dr. A note on HRM and Its Diffusion.June 13, 2009Sutton, Paul. Public Sector Reform in Small StatesCases from the Commonwealth Caribbean. (2009)Industrial Relations in Trinidad and Tobago. Wikipidea Online. Encyclopedia Wikipedea, 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.Young, Greg. Home page. Web. 13 Nov. 2013Chamber of Commerce. The flow Industrial Relations Climate in Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Commerce, 2011. Web. 10 Nov 2013